https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/242 2026-04-07T15:30:26Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10540 Folklor Metinlerini Pozitif Psikoloji Kavramlarıyla Yorumlamada Bir Örnek: Sevgi Konulu Ninniler Turhan Tuna, Sibel Pozitif psikoloji temelde insanın yaşam boyunca pozitif deneyimler yaşamaları, öznel iyi oluşlarını artırıcı eylemler ile ruh sağlıklarının korunmasını amaçlar. Ninniler, ilk çocukluk yıllarında tanışılan sözlü kültür ürünü olup kısa içeriğiyle bir dil-kültür taşıyıcısı, kültürel bellek aktarıcısıdırlar. Kadim sevgi duygusunu, evrensel sevgi değerini öz bir şekilde bugüne taşıyabilen türdür ninniler. Çalışma, sevgi konulu ninnilerin pozitif psikolojinin kavramlarınca ele alınması, çıktıların halk bilimi kuramlarından işlevsel kuramca yorumlanması, böylece disiplinler ara sı çalışmalara örnek olup, alana bütünlük sağlayacak şekilde ilişkilendirilerek katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın sorusu “Sevgi konulu ninnilerin insan yaşamına, insan ruhuna pozitif etkileri nedir? Bu bağlamda iş- levleri nelerdir?” şeklindedir. Araştırma konusuna metinlerin pozitif psikolojinin temel kavramlarınca ele alınıp yorumlanmasından hareketle “yorumsamacı” “te-mel nitel araştırma” deseniyle yaklaşılmıştır. Ninni metinleri, pozitif psikolojinin uzman görüşleri dâhilinde belirlenen, çalışmanın bilimsel veriler ışığında, tematik bağlamda çatısını oluşturan mutluluk, öznel iyi oluş, güvenli bağlanma kavramlarınca alımlanıp yorumlanmıştır. İnsanın kişilik özelliklerinin erken çocukluk yıllarında oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Erdemli, iyimser, pozitif yaşam deneyimlerine sahip pozitif insan olabilmek için yaşamın henüz erken dönemlerinde ebeveynler ve özellikle annelerce bilinçli adımlar atılması önemlidir. Sevgi konulu ninnilerle sevgi dolu bir ortamda büyüme önemli bir ilk adımdır. Nitekim sevgi konulu ninniler, olumlu çocukluk deneyimi bağlamında pozitif psikolojinin önemsediği koruyucu ruh sağlığı kazanımı için önemli işlevlere sahiptir. Buradan hareketle, sevgi konulu ninnilerin “metaforik anlamda” pozitif psikolojiye klinik uygulamalar dü- zeyinde destek sağlayacağı düşünülmekte ve önerilmektedir. Tüm bunlara ilaveten, bu çalışmanın yaygın etkisi bağlamında içeriğinde insan sevgisi olan, mutlu, iyi insan olma halinin öne çıkarıldığı, masal, efsane türlerinin pozitif psikolojinin temel kavramları ile incelenebileceği vurgulanabilir.; Positive psychology seeks to help people to have positive experiences throughout their lives while protecting their mental health through behaviours that improve their subjective well-being. Lullabies are oral culture products presented in early childhood, and their short but rich content serves as language-culture carriers and memory transmitters. Lullabies are a genre with an ancient love feeling and the value of universal love, both which have survived to present day. The study's objective is to examine love-themed lullabies, one of the anonymous folk literature genres, in the context of psychology and literature, using positive psychology principles. The study also intends to explain the results using functional theory, one of the folklore theories, as an example of interdisciplinary research and contribution to the literature. The study's research questions in this respect are "What are the positive impacts of love-themed lullabies on human life and spirit?" and "What are their roles in this context?" The "hermeneutic" and "basic qualitative research" designs were employed in the study since the texts will be handled using fundamental positive psychology concepts. Lullabies were interpreted for the themes of happiness, subjective well-being, and secure attachment, which created the framework of the thematic setting based on positive psychology expert opinions. According to positive psychology, love-themed lullabies are essential in maintaining one's mental health and happiness, which is vital to positive childhood experiences. Thus, love-themed lullabies support positive psychology for clinical applications in a "metaphorical sense". As a result, oral folk literature genres such as fairy tales and legends may be examined using positive psychology principles. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10424 Investigation of Bilingual 7th Grade Students’ Narrative Writings in Terms of the Elements of Coherence and Cohesion Kalı, Gülan; Coşkun, Mustafa Volkan In the current study, the narratives of bilingual middle school 7th grade students who acquired Turkish as a second language were examined in terms of the elements of coherence and cohesion, which are among the criteria of textuality. The study group of the current research is comprised of 20 bilingual 7th grade students attending a middle school in the Mazıdağı district of the city of Mardin in the spring term of the 2020-2021 school year. All the students in the study group are bilingual students who first acquired Kurdish and then Turkish at school or in the social environment. The study is descriptive in nature and was carried out using the survey method. In addition, a document analysis was performed on the narrative writings obtained from the students in the study. The data obtained from the study were analyzed with the measurement tools of the “Coherence Level Evaluation Chart” and the “Cohesion Level Rubric”. In the study, the bilingual 7th grade students were asked to create another story based on a minimal story that was given to them before and combining this short story with the new story they were going to create. The students were asked to put the minimal story given to them in any part of the story according to the plot of the new story they would create. In this way, the effect of bilingualism on the students’ writing coherent and cohesive texts was investigated on the basis of the narrative texts the students had written. In the study, it was determined that the students’ mother tongue was also reflected in their narrative writings and they formed their texts in line with the language schemes they first acquired. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10150 Multi-Task Learning with Sentiment, Emotion, and Target Detection to Recognize Hate Speech and Offensive Language Halat, Sercan; Plaza-Del-Arco, Flor Miriam; Padó, Sebastian; Klinger, Roman The recognition of hate speech and offensive language (HOF) is commonly formulated as a classification task which asks models to decide if a text contains HOF. This task is challenging because of the large variety of explicit and implicit ways to verbally attack a target person or group. In this paper, we investigate whether HOF detection can profit by taking into account the relationships between HOF and similar concepts: (a) HOF is related to sentiment analysis because hate speech is typically a negative statement and expresses a negative opinion; (b) it is related to emotion analysis, as expressed hate points to the author experiencing (or pretending to experience) anger while the addressees experience (or are intended to experience) fear. (c) Finally, one constituting element of HOF is the (explicit or implicit) mention of a targeted person or group. On this basis, we hypothesize that HOF detection shows improvements when being modeled jointly with these concepts, in a multi-task learning setup. We base our experiments on existing data sets for each of these concepts (sentiment, emotion, target of HOF) and evaluate our models as a participant (as team IMS-SINAI) in the HASOC FIRE 2021 English Subtask 1A: “Subtask 1A: Identifying Hate, offensive and profane content from the post”. Based on model-selection experiments in which we consider multiple available resources and submissions to the shared task, we find that the combination of the CrowdFlower emotion corpus, the SemEval 2016 Sentiment Corpus, and the OffensEval 2019 target detection data leads to an F1 =.7947 in a multi-head multi-task learning model based on BERT, in comparison to .7895 of a plain BERT model. On the HASOC 2019 test data, this result is more substantial with an increase by 2pp in F1 (from 0.78 F1 to 0.8 F1) and a considerable increase in recall. Across both data sets (2019, 2021), the recall is particularly increased for the class of HOF (6pp for the 2019 data and 3pp for the 2021 data), showing that MTL with emotion, sentiment, and target identification is an appropriate approach for early warning systems that might be deployed in social media platforms. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10024 Millî Mücadele’nin Askeri Başarıları ve ABD (1919-1921) Kıyanç, Sinan Bu araştırmada Ankara Hükümeti’nin Birinci İnönü Zaferi ile başlayan askeri başarılarının ABD kamuoyundaki etkisi ele alınmaktadır. Bu askeri başarılar uluslararası kamuoyunda geniş yer bulmuştur. Böylece uluslararası kamuoyunda Millî Mücadele’nin başarısı hakkında şüpheler son bulmuştur. Bu zaferler diplomatik ilişkilerin hızlanmasına neden olmuştur. Ankara Hükümeti’nin Londra Konferansı’na davet edilmesi, Sovyet Rusya, Afganistan, Fransa ile imzalanan antlaşmalar büyük yankı uyandırmıştır. ABD’de de bölgedeki çıkarları nedeniyle Ankara Hükümeti ile diyalog kurmaya çalışmıştır. ABD yönetiminin Ankara Hükümeti’ni diplomatik olarak tanımadaki gönülsüzlüğü ve kamuoyundaki Millî Mücadele’ye karşı tutumnedeniyle resmi adımlar atılamamıştır. Ankara Hükümeti’nin askeri başarıları bu tutuma karşı bir yapının oluşmasına neden olmuştur. ABD’nin İstanbul’daki temsilcileri her ne kadar resmi olmasa da Ankara Hükümeti ile temasa geçmiştir. Bir yandan da ABD’nin önde gelen gazetecileri Ankara’yı ziyaret etmiştir. Ziyaretlerisonrasında kaleme aldıkları yazılar ile ABD kamuoyunda Millî Mücadele lehine bir havanın oluşmasına neden olmuşlardır. Millî Mücadele’nin hemen başında gazeteci Louis Edgar Browne ve General James G. Harbord’un Sivas’a gelmesi, Heyet-i Temsiliye’nin gücünü göstermektedir. Bunun yanı sıra arşiv belgelerinden anlaşıldığıüzere ABD, Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve arkadaşlarının hareketlerini yakından takip etmiştir. ABD’de yaşanan başkan değişimi ve lobi faaliyetleri nedeniyle bölgedeki gelişmelere karşı bir tavır takınılmıştır. Bu durum ABD ile diplomatik ilişkilerin 1927 yılında başlamasına neden olmuştur. 1921 yılının hemen başında Birinci İnönüZaferi ve sonrasında gelen askeri başarılar ile diplomatik adımlar karşısında, Anadolu topraklarında ticari çıkarları ve misyoner örgütleri nedeniyle, ABD duyarsız kalamamıştır. Diplomatik ilişkilerin başlamamasına karşın ABD, Ankara Hükümeti ile temas kurmuş, Ankara’ya resmi olmasa da temsilciler atamıştır.; In this study, the effect of the military successes of the Ankara Government, which started with the First İnönü Victory, on the USA public opinion is discussed. These military achievements have gained wide coverage in the international public opinion. Thus, doubts about the success of the National Struggle in the international public opinion had ended. These victories have accelerated diplomatic relations. The invitation of the Ankara Government to the London Conference and the agreements signed with Soviet Russia, Afghanistan and France had a great impact. In the USA, it tried to establish a dialogue with the Ankara Government due to its interests in the region. Official steps could not be taken due to the reluctance of the USA administration to recognize the Ankara Government diplomatically and the public attitude towards the National Struggle. The military successes of the Ankara Government have led to the formation of a structure against this attitude. The USA representatives in Istanbul, although not official, had contacted the Ankara Government. On the other hand, prominent journalists of the USA visited Ankara. With the articles they wrote after their visits, they created a positive atmosphere in the public opinion. The arrival of journalist Louis Edgar Browne and General James G. Harbord to Sivas at the very beginning of the National Struggle demonstrates the power of the Delegation Representation. In addition, as can be understood from archive documents, the USA closely followed the movements of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his friends. Due to the president change and lobbying activities in the USA, an attitude has been taken against the developments in the region. This situation caused diplomatic relations with the USA to begin in 1927. The USA could not remain indifferent to the developments due to the First İnönü Victory at the beginning of 1921 and the military successes that followed, diplomatic steps, commercial interests and missionary organizations in Anatolia. Although diplomatic relations did not begin, the USA contacted the Ankara Government and appointed representatives to Ankara, although not official. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z