https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/221 2026-04-05T18:10:07Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/11054 The effect of intranasal Medetomidine/Ketamine and Diazepam/Ketamine combinations on tear production and intraocular pressure in dogs Bulut, Osman; Yaygıngül, Rahime To determine the effect of intranasal medetomidine/ketamine and diazepam/ketamine combinations on tear production and intraocular pressure in dogs. The animal material included 28 dogs of different breeds, ages, weights and genders that were brought to the surgery department of the Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for simple anesthesia indications but were otherwise healthy ocularly. In a crossover design, the dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 7 dogs. Animals in the first group were given 50 mu g/kg of medetomidine and 10 mg/kg of ketamine intramuscularly (MEK-IM). The second group of animals was given 50 mu g/kg of medetomidine and 10 mg/kg of ketamine intranasally (MEK-IN). The third group received 10 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.3 mg/kg of diazepam intramuscularly (DK-IM). The fourth group received 10 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.3 mg/kg of diazepam intanasally (DK-IN). Comparison of the data of more than two groups was done by ANOVA one-way test. The results of the study showed that MEK-IN and DK-IN combinations significantly decreased tear secretion and intraocular pressure in dogs. The decrease in tear secretion was more pronounced with the MEK-IN combination than with the DK-IN. The decrease in intraocular pressure was more pronounced with the MEK-IN combination than with the DKIN. These results suggest that MEK-IN and DK-IN combinations can be used as pre-anesthetics in dogs to reduce tear secretion and intraocular pressure. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these combinations in clinical settings. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10876 Images of Normal Ocular Fundus in Saanen Goats Bulut, Osman; Kurt, Busra Kibar; Bilgen Şen, Zeynep; Bozkan, Zeynep Imaging of the fundus during ophthalmological examination of the eye allows the evaluation and diagnosis of many diseases. Traditionally, eye examination is performed by using an ophthalmoscope. Indirect ophthalmoscopy is also used for visualization of the posterior segment in animals. By this way, posterior segment structures of the eye such as optic disc, retina, tapetal and nontapetal regions, retinal vessels and choroidea can be examined. Ultrasonography and special camera systems are also used currently to image for the ocular fundus. The structure of the fundus can vary between species, as well as between races within the same species. No study on fundus imaging of Saanen goats were found among the ophthalmological studies performed in goats. The ClearView fundus camera was used by holding it towards the goat's pupils, and both eyes were examined. Data on the tapetal region, optic disc in the nontapetal region, retina and retinal vessels were obtained. All goats tapetal regions contained predominantly blue or green (most frequently). The nontapetal region was predominantly dark brown. The optic disc was located at the tapetal-nontapetal region border mostly located in the tapetal region. The form of the optic disc was oval and round. A gray spot in the center of the disc represents the remnant of the hyaloid artery or Bergmeister's papilla. Bergmeister papillae were found in 29 animals in total, and in only one eye of 10 animals. The tapetal fundus in goats had a mild uniform stippling at the end of the capillaries called stars of Winslow. These stars are characteristic, giving these species a singular ophthalmoscopic aspect. While Winslow's stars were observed in 35 animals in total, they were found in only one eye in seven goats. Our study aimed to obtain the normal reference values of the fundus of Saanen goats and to contribute to the literature. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10788 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Euphorbia rigida Bieb Metin, M.; Bürün B. The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of the Euphorbia rigida (Bieb.) plant which was extracted by using water, acetone, methanol, hexane and chloroform solution. Antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Antioxidant activity was determined by using β-carotene-linolenic acid, DPPH method, metal chelating activity, Cuprac and by evaluating the content of total phenolic compounds. Total antioxidant activities of E. rigida plant extracts at 50 and 100 μg/ml concentrations were compared against standard antioxidant activities such as BHT, α-tocopherol and quercetin activity. All extracts from E. rigida, except the chloroformic extract, showed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. However no activity was found against S. aureus and C. albicans. Antioxidant activities were found to be close to those of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and α-tocopherol. The results indicate that E. rigida plant extracts can be used as a new and alternative antimicrobial agent against P. aeruginosa. It can also be argued that acetone and hexane extracts of E. rigida have the potential of becoming a natural antioxidant source. Moreover, all extracts from E. rigida might have important industrial, biotechnological, medical, agricultural, ecologial and economic potential. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/10732 Comparison of the electrocardiographic findings, heart rates, cloacal temperatures, respiratory rates, and anaesthetic effects of medetomidine- ketamine and detomidine-ketamine combination in the buzzards (Buteo buteo) Yaygıngül, Rahime; Bozkan, Zeynep; Bulut, Osman; Yıldırım E. K.; Sarıerler M. Aim of the present study was to compare the electrocardiographic findings, heart rate, cloacal tem-perature, respiratory rate, and anaesthetic effects of medetomidine-ketamine to detomidine-ketamine in buzzards. Fourteen buzzards of unknown sex and age and weighing a mean +/- standart deviation (SD) of 789.29 +/- 82.97 g were included in the study. The buzzards were randomly assigned to two groups: MK group (0.1 mg kg-1 medetomidine and 10 mg kg-1 ketamine 10 minutes after medetomidine application) and group DK (0.3 mg kg-1 detomidine and 10 mg kg-1 ketamine 10 minutes after medetomidine application). Heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (fR), and cloacal temperatures (CT) were recorded before administration of any drug (0) and then 5 and 10 minutes after medetomidine and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after ketamine. At this point, atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg, IM) was administered and measurement recorded at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Serum electrolyte and blood gases were measured before and during anesthesia. Elec-trocardiogram was recorded before and during anesthesia. Distribution and suitability of the data were evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilks test. Statistical tests were performed via two-way variance analysis in repeated measures, and multiple comparisons were corrected with the post-hoc Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Differences were considered to be statistically significant if p < 0.05. Onset of anesthesia time was 4.1 +/- 2.3 and 3.9 +/- 1.3 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation) in groups MK and DK, respectively. Reflexes (righting reflex, toe pinch reflex, feather plucking reflex, palpebral reflex) disappeared studied in both groups during anesthesia. HR,fR , and CT were significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). Baseline blood gases values showed significantly increases in pCO2 and HCO3 and decreases in pH and pO2 during anesthesia in both groups (p < 0.05). In conclusions medetomidine-ketamine and detomidine-ketamine combinations were both sufficient to provide desired level of anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z