A framework for dispatching of an electric vehicle fleet using vehicle-to-grid technology

Abstract

Future planning of the energy supply and transportation should be taken into consideration simultaneously. The cooperation of related stakeholders, especially institutions, distribution companies and new technology developers is of great importance in terms of foreseeing and preventing the problems to be encountered and of benefiting together. As it becomes more challenging to maintain the balance between energy supply and demand in electric power systems due to the stochasticity of both load demands and renewable power generation, Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries can play a critical role in supporting this balance for a given period. In this study, an optimization algorithm based on mixed integer linear programming is used to evaluate the economic and technical benefits of EVs when they are used as mobile energy storage systems by system operators, which is called the concept of “Vehicle for Grid” (VfG). It is particularly aimed to alleviate the load demand on grid during the peak energy periods. The results obtained for two types of EVs with different characteristics show that the economic and operational benefits can be maximized when the optimum number and specification of EVs to be integrated into the system are determined. In the best-case scenario in which 15 EVs each with a capacity of 200 kWh are used, the peak-to-average power ratio of the load curve decreases by 6.56%