Effects of short-term high-temperature calcinations on the physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of Ca-bentonites from unye (Ordu, NE Turkey)

Abstract

Three Ca-bentonite samples from unye (NE Turkey) were calcined up to 1000 degrees C with 200 degrees C increments at 25 min. The physico-chemical and mineralogical effects of high-temperature loadings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and loss on ignition (LOI) analysis. The results of the experiments show that the dehydration up to 400 degrees C does not alter the properties of Ca-bentonites significantly; however, the endothermic reactions due to dehydroxylation between 400 and 800 degrees C cause the deformation in the Ca-smectite crystal structure revealed by the collapse of the basal reflection from 1.4 to 1.0 nm and the gradual disappearance of OH stretching of structural hydroxyl groups and decrease in specific surface area and the closure of micropores. By calcination at 1000 degrees C, the specific surface area reaches the minima of 1.33-2.05 m(2) g(-1) for all the samples, and the structure of Ca-smectite is almost completely decomposed for CaB2 and CaB3, however, partially decomposed for CaB1 due to incomplete dehydroxylation stage. The crystallinity of opal-CT intensifies, and the formation of amorphous silica phases is promoted for all samples at 1000 degrees C; however, the formation of mullite is enhanced only for CaB2 and CaB3. The sintering effect is revealed as much larger aggregates with more rounded morphologies. It is also determined that the calcination up to 1000 degrees C does not affect the mesoporous characteristics of Ca-bentonite samples.